Cannas are bold, tropical-looking plants, perennials that bloom over a long period in summer and cold are hardy in much of the southern United States in USDA climate zone 7b. Cannas have in and out of fashion during its long history and are now recovering in the popularity of an after World War II low. Currently, cannas very popular in the United States. In the south, we plant em-em-and forgotten, but north of zone 7b, they are easy to lift and store in theWinter.
Cannas should lie where they have a visual impact on the height of summer. Most cannas are large and have to be put on the back of a bed, but there are dwarf varieties that will look good in front of the border. Combine with Baptisia cannas, day lilies, coneflower, Cuphea, and ornamental grasses. Cannas are 55 mph and plants along the streets, where they can be appreciated by the drivers are presented. In 1986, in preparation for the Olympic Festival USA in Raleigh,NC Department of Transportation Highway Division uses several truck loads of embellishment Canna 'The President "along the highways. To say she loved cannas would be the understatement of the decade to achieve, visitors can now planted canna lily along the highways in North Carolina to find one another.
History and background
Canna species are native to subtropical and tropical America, North and South. Their natural range extends from southernCarolina (Canna flaccida) in southern Argentina and includes the islands of the Caribbean. In their natural habitat live cannas in moist shady places along the edges of rivers and lakes.
Cannas are valuable as a food source in some cultures, because their rhizomes contain a high strength. The most important species for food production is used Canna indica. Starch (commonly known as achira) is used in Vietnam to make high quality "cellophane" noodles. In the modern era of agriculture, cannawill rarely be used as a primary food source, as it has been replaced by more and more nutritious crops such as potatoes and corn yield. Cannas are grown as food crops for over 4000 years in their natural range in Central and South America.
In addition to food, cannas have a variety of other applications. Canna seeds are the size of a pea, round, brown or black color, and very serious. You have a shotgun pellet in India (and thus the common name "Indian shot was used).The seeds are like pearls, jewelry, rosaries and even baby rattles and musical instruments used included. A purple is from the seeds and fibers from the stalk of the plant extract extract used to make jute and paper. Cannas have been used phytoremdiation (the use of plants in the soil absorbs toxins from the) to eliminate toxic heavy metals such as copper to pigs and zinc from waste and the elimination of excess fertilizer and insecticide greenhouse gases from theRunoff. In Thailand, cannas are a present day, a traditional father.
Although used for thousands of years as a crop are not well known to European botanists cannas to 1500. They are first mentioned in the book "The Codex Vienna (1536-1566). Cannas, Europe can be achieved by America as the beginning of 1492 Columbus Travel. In 1576, cannas were grown in gardens in several European countries, although they have become very popular as ornamental plants in the VictorianTime (mid to late 1800s). Cannas had a particularly important result in France, Hungary, England, Italy, Germany, America and India in the late 1800s.
Hundreds of varieties of shorter habits and flower shapes and new colors have been created between 1860 and 1910. Unfortunately, most of these varieties have been lost, because the European gardeners grow cannas arrested during the turmoil of World War I through World War II. In addition, the garden has changed modes. In the first half of the 20thCentury garden designer, who replaced as Gertrude Jekyll, formal Victorian gardens research informal, relaxed perennial borders. This led to largely abandon the gardener plants from the previous generation, including canna used. But from the 1950s, cannas have made a slow return to the garden, and today they are close to their popularity in the Victorian era. Modern breeders have been releasing some wonderful varieties and there are currently more than 2000Varieties to choose from.
Morphology
Cannas are perennials with rhizomes rhizome that they are slowly outward from where they are planted can be disseminated. Each rod has a core staff 10 to 12 leaves alternate or spirally along. Each plant is 2 "wide by 3". In nature, the end of the plants are large enough (7 'to 16'), but created many short selections for the gardens. Once the plant has 6-9 leaves, itform an inflorescence at the end. After flowering is finished inflorescence, the stem begins to die and be replaced by a rod on the way to the top of the rhizome.
Canna leaves are usually large, such as bananas, tropical-looking and bold. Most varieties have leaves rich emerald green, but some have purple / red or variegated leaves. The color purple or red leaf is generally very dark and can include the whole leaf, just out of range, or sometimes only the midrib.Variegation of cannas has two forms. It may be white spots or red / green areas on leaves (Canna 'Stuttgart'). However, there is the narrow strip of color between the secondary veins (Canna 'Phasion "or be composed Canna" Bengal Tiger ").
When the first leaves appear canna, they are rolled and placed in a day or two (breaking occurs only at night). Areagenerally waxy leaves (blue green) and is a matte or glossy, depending on the nature of the wax. Water cannaGroup of varieties is generally very narrow leaves compared to most others. The leaves are pages that taper to a point at the top (rounded acuminate acute or short). The leaf blade narrows gradually into a shell, which merges with the stem, and therefore there is no leaf stalk.
The flower is very exotic canna. Technically, the flowers are the buds, which means they flower clusters on a single structure. To a single terminal inflorescence forms at the end of the rod. TheInflorescence can be straight and narrow (peak) or branched (or a panicle thyrsos). The character is very well-branched selected by farmers, because it is more noticeable. Some canna florets open in the morning and looks better in the course of the day, while other night bloomers, the beauty the next morning. Canna flowers are pollinated by a variety of organisms. Day cannas flower is pollinated by bees and hummingbirds and cannas flowers pollinated by moths at night orBats.
Canna sites are usually short-lived, lasting only a day or two. New florets open at any time and provide continuous blooms throughout the season. In temperate gardens, blooming Canna usually begins in mid-summer and lasts until frost. The start date and duration of flowering varies depending on the variety. Flowering is prolific as a gardener to remove spent flowers, while the damage to the remaining unopened buds in the flower stalk. In a greenhouse, cannas will usuallyNo flowers in the winter due to poor lighting conditions, and during the bloom can be reduced to extremely high temperatures.
Canna flowers whose color varies from light yellow to orange, blood red and all shades in between (salmon, apricot, pink). Many people think that the flowers do not come canna in rich, saturated colors as exciting as a bright red or yellow. However, there are many pastel colors pink, yellow and pale orange primrose. Some varieties will be marketed as white, but it is not quite correct. The "white" emerge cannas usually a very pale yellow and mature to a cream color. There are no real white cannas in the culture. Some of the Victorian cannas were pure white, but they have been lost in history and we have no way to verify these claims. There are no Canna flowers blue or violet.
Canna flowers can be striped, streaked, speckled or spotted with contrasting colors. The most common form is a yellow or orange flowers with dark red> Brown spots on them. There are some cannas Picotee that are red with a yellow edge. Sometimes the neck of the flower (stamens of overlap) will have a contrasting color. The contrast can I spots or stripes on the lip.
Their thick coat allows canna seeds survive for a very long time. In 1969 Canna indica has seeds in an archaeological excavation of 550 years found in Argentina and was able to germinate. Fire plays a role in canna seedsGermination in their natural habitat. In nature, seeds germinate better canna in places by the fire, which burned not only weakens the seed coat, but it destroys all competition for planting canna emerging markets.
Taxonomy
Canna The genus name is derived from the Greek "kanna" and Celtic "Cana," which refers to "a factory of Reed-like" and is also the root of the musical term "canon". The Canna name has been applied in this way from 1576 and was officially in the genre byLinnaeus in Species Plantarum. Cannas are the only kind in the Cannaceae family. Cannaceae is in order and is by far Zingibales related to banana (Musa), Bird of Paradise (Strelitzia), Heliconia, arrowroot, ginger (Zingiber). How this is a monocot canna.
The taxonomy of the genus Canna was stormy and confusing because of its ornamental culture to catch some of the world for food and hybridization. In the past, experts argue that there are 50-100used species of flower morphology and to identify different species. However, modern taxonomists have more of these types can be explained in two copies, or the cultivation of hybrids that do not deserve to be a special nickname. The botanist Nobuyuki Tanaka wrote a monograph on the family of the Cannaceae in 2001 and said there were 19 species of the genus. In 2008, H. Maas-van de Kamer and Maas PJM has published a monograph, indicating that only 10 wild speciesSex. Maas many kinds of localized canna Tanaka Asian meeting in Canna indica, arguing that cannas are native to the Americas and Asia all taxa, the descendants of the worldwide spread of Canna indica as a basic food. Tanaka, the other has a cytological and genetic analysis of all taxa, and makes a case for 19 cannas genetically different based on morphology, DNA analysis, and structure of the pollen. to choose their own farmers and producers who follow aTaxonomists or the other as their preferred source.
Canna hybrid has gone through many wild species in a very complex. Many adjectives have in breeding programs such as the names of leading canna Canna x hortensis were, Canna x hybrida used, and Canna x orchiodes. They all have for the sake of simplicity, abandoned, all of ornamental canna hybrids are now correctly called Canna x generalis. Usually farmers do not make the "epithet x generalis" when the articlename.
Genetics and Improvement
Cannas first appearance in the gardens of the United States in the 1840s but they were widely used until the 1890s. Much of the work of the early selection of cannas in France instead. The first farmer led Mr. Theodore years, a diplomat, French Canna glauca Canna indica and Chile and founded his garden hybrid crosses of these two types get. He improved habit and leaf color, but its varieties sported wild-flowers. Years publishedat least 20 hybrid lines in the 1870s with names such as Canna Canna Canna Annei Annei rosea rubra and Annei marginata. Later catalogs mentioned Anneii Canna and some taxonomists have in the early concept of Canna x annaei now invalid. Unfortunately, many have gone to its hybrid line, but there are modern hybrids with similar characteristics. The cannas year, mainly for the foliage and attributes are usually always included in the group of deciduous ornamental cannas. Year was alsoresponsible for another popular line of foliage cannas name of a German named husband. This was primarily a cross between iridiflora Canna Canna and Warscewicsii (aka warscewicsii Canna Canna indica var Warscewicsii) and also as a husband Cannas, Canna 'Ehemannii or invalid name Canna x ehmannii known.
From the years 1860 to 1903, Pierre-Antoine-Marie Crozy race of hundreds of varieties of Canna glauca Canna, Canna indica, Canna and Canna iridiflora "Warscewicsii"with a wide range of heights and colors of the flowers. Some of them were as a dwarf cannas and gladioli French cannas flower because of its similarity with known (what else?) Gladiolus Flowers. Some of them were triploids, and only some of its original varieties today. They (and their modern descendants) are assigned to the group was Crozy cannas. Crozy canna cannas are more resistant to cold garden.
In the 1890s, the German botanist Carl Ludwig Sprenger, while working inItaly, crossed the existing varieties bring with Indian flowers Canna flaccida bright yellow in the gene pool. He presented colorful flowers had stamens with yellow or red-brown spots. These flowers often tend to the flowers of Cattleya orchids are similar because they had far overlapping staminodes. Sprenger varieties have the Italian or Cannas Cannas flower orchid was made. They also known as Canna x orchiodes (or Canna x orchioides)will be valid no more than a name. These have cannas the Italian group was assigned cannas.
America also has its own crop of farmers who understand early canna Wintzer and Dr. Anthony Van Fleet, who have together created more than 100 varieties of 1890 and 1910. Their goal was to forms of pure color of the rare colors, including yellow and white to create. Many of these crosses are still there, including the popular Green Burgundy "Wyoming. At the same time, the West CoastLuther Burbank investment guru had his own breeding program canna.
The most important botanists of the 20th century has to do research on genetics and breeding have been canna Triloki Nath Khoshoo the National Botanic Garden of Lucknow in India. He has conducted extensive studies on the history of canna, breeding and genetics in the 1960s and 1970s. The culmination of this research was the well-known book, the origin and evolution of cultivated cannas.
In the past 150 years, farmers have reduced thePlant height, flower size and increased width of the staminodes increased the duration of the flowering period, the improvement of their flower (above the leaves and more upright), sustainability Flower improved, improved resistance to cold and are self-produced plants (the flowers have faded out automatically and are not cut).
Breeders are always looking for flower color very pure, white in particular. Canna Liliiflorae a "white" flowers, but is not resistant to cold, and hebeen difficult to produce varieties of garden worthy. Some are looking for a blue or purple pigmentation in the flowers (as there are no current). In addition, farmers want to increase the length of time an individual floret open canna life, and the number of varieties, the flowers are held during the day of the night. Improvements in these two properties would be in plants that have more flowers open at the same time and seem to be lead free flowering. It is alsothe potential to enhance the scent of the flowers, but canna flower scent is not the subject of many breeders.
Culture
In their natural habitat to grow cannas in shady areas. However, gardens in temperate cannas need full sun. The more sun the better. In the southern United States may be exposed to strong sunlight fading of flowers, but partial shade to help in these areas and in the deserts of the southwest, where the low humidity and soil moisture can also cause leafCombustion. Cannas survive in a shady place, but do not grow in abundance, and the leaves (especially red or purple) can lose their color, defeating the purpose of cultivation.
Cannas prefer rich, water retention, well drained soils that are rich in organic material, but do so in a wide range of soils. They prefer a pH of 6.5. Some varieties have been bred to grow partially submerged in shallow water and in soil. In dry areas, plantation of at least 1-2 "ofOf water per week is required to cannas to get in their best light.
Cannas are heavy feeders. Gardeners need to give plenty of compost or organic fertilizer to keep their plants looking their best. Without adequate fertility and moisture, cannas look quite ugly. If your cannas is unsightly in summer, a sure sign that a shovel additional fertilizer is needed. As long as you use organic matter, it is impossible to over-fertilize canna. You can cut the plants to pieces round, even inSaint-Jean, add fertilizer, water, and they will quickly.
If you grow your canna in containers, remember that cannas large scale and therefore need a large container. Any good potting soil will work properly. The plants lose their force as they are pot-bound. If this happens, lift the root ball, share and re-plant the rhizomes. cannas in pots need watering once or even twice a day if they are grown outdoors, and he can keep the pot in a saucer full of water.Enter address to that slow-release granular fertilizer or water in the full amount on the label.
Size is not necessary with cannas. As mentioned before, the old flowers die and disappear on their own, but if you're a neat freak, do not hesitate to reduce it. Do not forget to remove the spent flower heads original clone cannas that the old-viable seeds from produce to prevent that unwanted seedlings vary know that, in the case, I die cannasBack on their own, as the old foliage protects the rhizomes from winter cold.
Cannas are hardy root in places where the ground freezes and can not air at temperatures of 0 ° F. They survive hot temperatures in summer and good performance in the upper 90s like. Canna rhizomes should be planted at least 2-4 "deep and after the last frost date should not be planted by August, in the north of Zone 8 cannas in pots in the garden should be on the same level they were to be plantedin the pot. A well-developed rhizome have three or more eyes on them. We recommend that in areas where winter temperatures drop below 5 degrees F, they are covered in the fall with a depth of 1 'of shredded leaves stack. North Zone 7b, you may be able to take a further half a climate zone in search of a microclimate in your garden. Your channel along a cannas to keep south-facing wall or other structure heat. Cannas are usually not disturbed by the winds and did not need protection against the wind.Cannas form clusters such unique selection of plants should be spaced 2-3 'be except … more for more choice canna Bentgrass.
In colder climates, lift the tubers and store them in the interior above freezing in winter. When lifting the rhizomes, careful not to damage, especially those varieties, the rhizomes are long and narrow (such as Canna 'Stuttgart'). Shake off excess soil and store the rhizomes in peat moss to prevent drying out. No water or you will encourage. Rot The dust of the rhizomes to remove sulfur bacteria and fungi. Keep freezing fresh rhizomes (below 50 ° F), but can not. A garage, basement or crawl space is ideal. Make sure that the peat does not dry out too much during the winter. If the peat starts pulling the edge of the pot, add a little water. Before sowing, the peat moist, plump rhizomes that when they are planted.
Distribution
Cannas can be propagated by division orof seeds. By dividing the rhizome, lift and remove excess dirt. Cut the rhizomes into sections, each with at least three "eyes" (buds red foreground). Divisions can survive one eye, but takes longer to produce a new vigorous plant. The best time to divide, when the rhizome is growing, while new buds are easily visible.
Through centuries of breeding are the most commercial cannas sterile and produce no seeds. Only those who are close enough to thenative species to produce viable seeds. If you have several cannas, you can expect a wide range of variability in the seedlings of cannas, both with themselves fertile, and the crossing with other cannas nearby.
If the seeds of your plants Together, they will shift warty capsule size. Once opened, the eyes of Canna seeds as small, dark, ball bearings. The skin is very thick and require scarification for germination. Part of the seed coat, which contains polyphenolsact as chemical inhibitors of germination. They should not be washed before or germination. Nick the seed coat with sandpaper or a small saw blade are exposed to the colored substances. Make sure you do not cut too deeply and damage the embryo. It is a circular patch around the seed imbibition lid called "near the hilus gap (the scar where the seed of the fruit was attached), the seed is slightly raised above the surface. The lid is imbibitionCity breaks, of course, falls and can provide seed water. If you can find it, the cover is the best place imbibition canna seed scarification.
An alternative to the scarification of the seeds is the way with hot water. Place the seeds in a cup and pour hot (almost boiling) water over them. The thermal shock caused micro-cracks in the seed coat, allowing imbibition. Let the water cool naturally and enjoy the seeds in it for 24 hours. The hot water over 122 ° F (50 ° C)24 hours helps to loosen the lid imbibition.
Soak the scarified seeds in water for 24 hours and sow in a heated, well-lit area. The soil temperature must be kept at 70 º F (21 ° C) for best results. It is best to each seed in its own pot because the new roots are very fragile and vulnerable cables. Grow seedlings at 60 ° F (16 ° C) until two or three leaves. Keep young plants indoors until the danger of frost is past. Harden off plants by movingoutdoors in a protected location and gradually increase the level of exposure to light and cooler temperatures, until they grow in full sun, outdoor temperatures.
Tissue culture was also used to propagate cannas, but it was on the division because of the low perceived value of cannas profitable. As the level of virus in the modern cannas are so high, the tissue culture, the savior of the many varieties that have been lost.
Pests andDiseases
Because cannas are so difficult, one might expect, they are free of pests and diseases into the garden, but this is not the case.
Snails, slugs and beetles, Japanese cannas would fall into the realm of minor pests. They damage plants through the holes in the leaves or flowers on holidays. Problems with snails can practically with the proper preparation of the organic soil and avoiding the use of chemical fertilizers, which is disposed to kill manySnail's natural enemies. Similarly, Japanese beetles are rarely a problem if the plants are more stress-prepared in the ground. If Japanese beetles emerge, they generally prefer Canna flowers and can be easily picked up and subjected to torture method of your choice.
Without doubt, the worst plague of Canna a caterpillar as the lesser canna acerbella that are known mainly found in the southern United States. The moth-canna leaf roller lays its eggs instem bud of the developing countries. These caterpillars hatching eggs with a belt around the sticky sheet flood which sprays from predators and insecticides. They feed and pupate inside the rolled leaf and can cause considerable damage to the development of stem cells.
Some are more sensitive to cannas of canna leaf rollers as other damage. Generally, more species are cannas, the less damage. Canna glauca, for example, is virtually intact. The keyControl canna leaf-rollers, is vigilance. Leaf-roll can be a problem in the spring, so keep a watchful eye for the first signs of restraint belt can emerging markets as a whole. Opening of the leaves and remove offending tracks to work on a small scale, but in large plantations, you can simply cut the top half of the rolled leaf. Insecticides such as Dipel (Bacillus thuringiensis) in the bottom half of the film, so that it can be injected reached the title.If the population of leaf roll is high, you can spray throughout the growing season, but need to reduce the moth population, reduces the need for spraying. Again, the key to monitor your systems and do not allow the larvae to maturity, so the cycle begins again.
Aphids, spider mites, whiteflies or rarely attack cannas in the garden, but can sometimes be a problem indoors or in a greenhouse are. Again, stress reduction goes a long way to prevent such attacks, but if necessary,These parasites can be killed with insecticide (see the expansion of your local office for recommendations). It is better to try to prevent environmental pest infestation by removing dead leaves and damp. Mice eat the rhizomes can be stored and can be treated with baits and traps.
In hot, humid climates may develop a problem called canna cannas rust fungi. It forms orange-colored rust pustules of splashing water on the backs of the leaves, which eventually spread and black. Die Canna rust is difficult to control, but there are sprays of fungicides that can prevent it from starting. For the control, we remove the bottom leaves fall and destroy them … They should never be added to mulch your piles!
Canna leaf roll virus with the problem are growing heavier. Canna virus is easily spread from plants by sucking insects such as aphids plant and then to spread by unsanitary division techniques. The virus can cause leaf spots or stripesStunted and deformed flowers. The low kill the plant, but they can reduce the strength. In most cases, lower virus can be detected and imperceptibly, except during the cool weather. high viral load, on the other hand, cannas to make it as unattractive, they must be discarded. Because cannas are often loosely structured, the virus can spread and multiply easily. Cannas are one of the few plants that viruses can be transmitted through seeds. Although many seedsStrains of the virus are fairly clean, this is not a guarantee of a plant virus-free. There are several viruses that infect the cannas, including Bean yellow mosaic virus, Hippeastrum mosaic virus, tomato virus aspermy virus, cucumber mosaic virus yellow stripe canna, and most seriously, canna yellow mottle virus. Most Canna varieties tolerate a certain amount of viral load and grow and thrive despite the infection.
By 2005 there were virtually no cannas free of viruses grown inCulture, but the savior in the form of tissue culture was LED Agristarts Florida. During the tissue culture process of sterile canna tissue is exposed to high heat, stretch causes the development of the plant. The elongated part of the new tissue culture is again before the virus has the possibility of re-infection. Each new culture is then checked to ensure that the virus is still there … a process called virus indexing. It is a long and expensive process($ 1,000 – $ 5,000 per plant), because it often takes several attempts to ensure that the fabric is clean at last. Agristarts continue their work, and we hope that other labs will bring in their goal to share the stock market under virused.
Despite the sale of own shares, there is no guarantee that the plants stay clean once they are exposed to the environment, but at least we have a plant much better than we had in the past. There is no cure for viral infectionscannas in other than the above-mentioned procedures or destroy infected plants.
Completion
There are thousands of varieties of Canna in the market, but they are not all gems. A list of good varieties, and in particular can be found on the website below.
Cannas are perennials garden worthy of any garden to the south, and with a little care, a great addition to gardens in the north. This perennial flowers provide an exotic beauty in a sunny gardenWeb sites with its magnificent flowers and tropical (sometimes very colorful) leaves. Let's say you from anyone that cannas are obsolete or difficult to cultivate. Ignore them and remember: "You canna, if you want!
You may ask yourself, "What is the best canna for me?
If you have an incredible variety of plant, try Canna 'Phasion, Canna' Stuttgart, Canna 'Bengal Tiger' Canna 'Pink Sunburst', or Canna 'Thai Rainbow'.
To select spectacular purple foliage Canna 'Australia' Canna'Intrigue' Canna Constitution. "Tropic Anna or Canna 'Black.
If you want eye-catching flower color saturation try Canna 'Minerva', Canna 'Pacific Beauty' or Canna 'Orange Punch'.
To see to choose wiser, pastel Canna 'Ermine', Canna Thai One On "or Canna glauca 'Panache'.
If you want to party like it was 1849, a select Victorian Canna leaves, such as Canna 'Musafolia "or Canna indica' Red Stripe '.